What categories of plastic packaging are recognized under EPR?

The PWM Rules, 2016 recognize five categories of plastic packaging for EPR purposes:

• Category I – Rigid plastic packaging
• Category II – Flexible plastic packaging
• Category III – Multi-layered plastic packaging
• Category IV – Compostable plastic packaging
• Category V – Other specialized plastics

Each type of plastic packaging can be managed through recycling (to convert it into new products/packaging) or through approved end-of-life solutions such as waste-to-energy, waste-to-oil or co-processing. Accordingly, there are separate recycling and end-of-life (EOL) credits for each category, resulting in multiple distinct plastic credit types.

Is EPR applicable only to packaging, or also to plastic products?

EPR under the PWM Rules, 2016 applies to plastic packaging, not to plastic products themselves.

For example, a plastic chair is not covered merely because it is made of plastic; however, the plastic packaging used for the chair is subject to EPR obligations.

What is an “End-of-Life (EOL) solution” under EPR?

End-of-Life (EOL) solutions are environmentally sound methods for managing plastic packaging waste after consumer use when it is not recycled. These methods include, among others, waste-to-energy, co-processing in cement kilns, waste-to-oil and other scientifically approved processes. The objective is to ensure that plastic waste does not end up in landfills or the open environment and that energy or material value is recovered wherever possible.

Are recycling and End-of-Life (EOL) solutions the same under EPR?

End of Life Solution and Recycling refer to critical processes under Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for managing plastic packaging waste sustainably.

Recycling is a key subset of end-of-life solutions wherein plastic packaging waste is collected, sorted, processed, and converted back into raw materials or new products. Recycling helps reduce dependence on virgin plastic resins and closes the loop by turning waste into resources within a circular economic framework.

EOL solutions is a broader term that includes recycling along with other approved disposal and recovery options (such as waste-to-energy and co-processing), all of which together help PIBOs meet their EPR obligations.

Together, these processes ensure that producers, importers, and brand owners (PIBOs) fulfil their EPR obligations. This integrated approach not only mitigates plastic pollution but promotes resource efficiency and supports the country’s transition towards a circular economy model.